Antiparos (ancient Oliaros, a name possibly of Phoenician origin) has always been closely linked to neighboring Paros, from which it is separated by a narrow, shallow strait. As early as the 3rd millennium BC the wider area experienced the Cycladic Civilization, while the famous Cave was known and visited since antiquity, as attested by the inscriptions carved into its walls.
Nearby Despotiko emerged as an important religious center: there, at the site of Mandra, a large sanctuary dedicated to Apollo operated during the archaic period (7th–6th century BC), which is being revealed today by excavations — one of the most significant archaeological projects in the Cyclades.
After the Roman and Byzantine periods, the island passed to the Venetians with the Duchy of the Aegean. In the 16th century the Loredano family (and later the Sommaripa) fortified Chora by building the distinctive Kastro, with houses arranged in a circle around a central tower, as protection against frequent pirate raids.
Under Ottoman rule Antiparos remained a small agricultural and fishing island. In 1673 the French ambassador Nointel organized the legendary Christmas mass inside the Cave, an event that made it known throughout Europe and attracted travelers. Incorporated into the Greek state after the 1821 Revolution, Antiparos retained its quiet character until recent decades, when tourism turned it into a cosmopolitan yet understated destination.