The history of Syros begins in the depths of prehistory. As early as the 3rd millennium BC, the proto-Cycladic settlement of Chalandriani and the fortified Kastri attest to a flourishing society, marked by the famous "frying-pan" vessels and Cycladic figurines.
In classical times the island took part in the Athenian Alliance, and gave birth to the philosopher Pherecydes, teacher of Pythagoras. Roman and Byzantine centuries followed, with pirate raids pushing the inhabitants inland.
In 1207 Syros passed to the Venetians, who established the Catholic character of Ano Syros — a distinctive feature that survives to this day. Under French and papal protection, the island enjoyed relative safety even during Ottoman rule.
Its great moment came with the Revolution of 1821: refugees from Chios, Psara, Smyrna, Kasos and Crete took refuge on Syros and founded the new city, Ermoupoli. Within a few decades it became the first port of Greece and a major commercial centre of the Mediterranean.
In the 19th century Ermoupoli led the way: in 1823 the country's first hospital was founded, in 1833 the first gymnasium of the modern Greek state, and in 1854 the first Greek steamship was built. Theatres, factories, banks and mansions made up a city that became a symbol of urban Greece.
The rise of Piraeus in the late 19th century curtailed the maritime power of Syros, yet the island remained an administrative, cultural and intellectual centre. Today Ermoupoli is the seat of the South Aegean Region and capital of the Cyclades, alive all year round, with a rich cultural and musical tradition.