Naxos has been continuously inhabited for thousands of years and was one of the most important centers of the Cycladic Civilization (3rd millennium BC), as attested by the famous Cycladic figurines. According to mythology, it was on this island that Theseus abandoned Ariadne, with whom Dionysus then fell in love, while Zeus was raised in the caves of Mount Zas.
During the archaic period (7th–6th century BC) Naxos flourished greatly, with famous marble quarries and a great sculptural tradition — the colossal kouroi and the votive offerings at Delos are its works. In the time of the tyrant Lygdamis, construction began on the Temple of Apollo, of which the legendary Portara survives.
After the Roman and Byzantine periods, in 1207 the Venetian Marco Sanudo took the island and founded the Duchy of the Aegean (or Duchy of Naxos), with Chora as its capital. For four centuries the Venetian aristocracy left its mark: the Kastro, the towers in the countryside and the Catholic churches.
In 1564 Naxos passed to the Ottoman Empire, though it retained significant privileges. The island was incorporated into the Greek state after the Revolution of 1821. In modern times, the economy was based on agriculture, livestock farming, marble and emery — and in recent decades on tourism, which has brought international recognition to the unique identity of Naxos.