Sifnos has been inhabited since the Neolithic era, but it flourished greatly during the Archaic period (6th century BC), when it grew rich from its gold mines and silver mines. It was among the wealthiest islands of the Aegean, so prosperous that it dedicated to Delphi the famous Treasury of the Siphnians, one of the most magnificent buildings of the sanctuary.
Legend says the Sifnians promised Apollo a golden stone every year, but when they stopped honoring the vow, the mines flooded with seawater and the wealth was lost. The ancient city stood on the site of today's Kastro, while the fortified acropolis on the hill of Agios Andreas attests to habitation as early as Mycenaean times.
After the Roman and Byzantine periods, the island passed to the Duchy of the Aegean and later to the Da Corogna and Gozzadini families, who fortified the Kastro. During the years of Ottoman rule, Sifnos retained privileges and flourished intellectually — here operated the renowned School of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the most important educational institutions of subjugated Hellenism.
With incorporation into the Greek state, the economy was based on ceramics, agricultural production and shipping. Sifnian potters ('tsoukaladhes') traveled all over the Aegean selling their pottery. In more recent times, Nikolaos Tselementes, born in Sifnos, cemented the island's reputation as a gastronomic destination — and today tourism showcases the authentic identity of Sifnos internationally.