Milos has been inhabited since the Neolithic era thanks to its obsidian — the black volcanic glass that, sharp as a blade, became a valuable trade commodity across the Aegean and the Mediterranean long before the age of metals. The prehistoric settlement of Phylakopi rose to become a major center of Cycladic Civilization, with close contacts with Minoan Crete and Mycenaean Greece.
In classical antiquity Milos was independent and prosperous, a colony of the Dorian Spartans. In 416 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, the Athenians besieged and violently seized the island in the episode that Thucydides immortalized as the «Melian Dialogue» — a timeless text on the law of the strong.
In the early Christian centuries Milos became a refuge for the first Christians, who carved the impressive Catacombs. In the Byzantine and Venetian eras, the island, with its safe harbor, experienced both pirate raids and trading activity, while Plaka with its Castle became the fortified center.
In 1820, a farmer found in a field in Trypiti the Venus de Milo, one of the world's most famous sculptures, which ended up in the Louvre. Modern history was marked by mining activity — sulfur, kaolin, bentonite, perlite — which remains alive today, while in recent decades Milos has emerged as a top tourist destination thanks to its unique, colorful beaches.