The history of Amorgos is lost in the depths of the centuries and is inextricably linked to the evolution of the Aegean and Cycladic civilisation. In antiquity the island was known by various names, such as Pagali, Psychia, Karkisia and Melania. According to ancient geographers and lexicographers, Amorgos had three important cities: Arkesini at the site of Kastri, Minoa at the site of Moundoulia near Katapola, and Aegiali at the site of Vigla in Tholaria.
Archaeological finds show that the island was first inhabited as early as the 5th millennium BC, revealing the significant contribution of Amorgos to the shaping of Cycladic civilisation. They also confirm the island's close ties with Naxos, Paros and other parts of the Aegean.
During the 3rd millennium BC Amorgos experienced the peak of Cycladic civilisation, which left as a precious legacy the famous Cycladic figurines that today are symbols of the prehistoric art of the Aegean. The Mycenaean period followed, and later the island was settled by Milesians from Asia Minor and by Naxians. In classical times it took part in the First Athenian Alliance, playing an active role in the events of the era.
From the 3rd to the 2nd century BC, Amorgos passed successively under the influence and dependence of various powers of the eastern Mediterranean, such as the Macedonians, the Ptolemies, the Samians, the Rhodians and later the Romans. During the Hellenistic period the cults of the time prevailed, while in the 4th century AD the gradual Christianisation of the ancient places of worship took place.
Frequent raids by Saracen pirates during the Byzantine years forced the inhabitants to organise their defence. For this purpose they fortified themselves in the Castle of Chora, in Kastri and in an extensive network of 23 defensive towers scattered across the whole island.
A special place in the history of Amorgos is held by the miraculous icon of Panagia Hozoviotissa, which, according to tradition, arrived on the island from Palestine during the period of Iconoclasm. In 1088, Emperor Alexios I Komnenos funded the renovation of the Monastery of Panagia Hozoviotissa, one of the most important Byzantine monuments of the Aegean and a timeless symbol of Amorgos.
During the Venetian period, the island acquired new architectural features, traces of which survive to this day. Among the most important monuments of the era stand out Gavras Tower, Kato Lakkos and the characteristic paved "loze" (loggias).
The period of Ottoman rule marked a time of economic growth and ecclesiastical revival for Amorgos. In 1822 the island became the seat of a Province of the emerging Greek state, and in 1829, funded by the Monastery of Panagia Hozoviotissa, one of the first schools of the newly founded Greek state was established.
After the Second World War, Amorgos faced a significant decline in population due to the internal and external migration of its inhabitants. However, in recent decades the island has entered a new period of growth, with tourism becoming a key pillar of the local economy and showcasing internationally the unique natural beauty, history and authentic Cycladic identity of Amorgos.