The island's very name was born of myth: when the Argonauts, returning from Colchis, were endangered by a terrible storm in the night, Apollo cast his arrow and made an island "appear" out of the sea for them to find shelter — Anafi. In gratitude they founded a sanctuary to Apollo Aiglitis, whose worship the island kept alive for centuries.
In antiquity Anafi was a small but organized Doric city, with an acropolis at the site of Kasteli and the important sanctuary of Apollo Aiglitis at the foot of Kalamos. During the Hellenistic period it came for a time under the influence of the Ptolemies of Egypt, while remains of walls, sarcophagi and temples attest to continuous life through the Roman and early Christian periods.
After the Byzantine period, the island was incorporated into the Duchy of the Aegean founded by Marco Sanudo in the 13th century, and passed into the hands of Venetian families; from that era survive the ruins of the castle above Chora. In 1537 Anafi, like the rest of the Cyclades, was subjugated to the Ottoman Empire, yet retained its isolated, agricultural character.
The island was incorporated into the Greek state after the Revolution of 1821. In more recent times, the renowned builders of Anafi built, in Athens beneath the Acropolis, the picturesque neighborhood of Anafiotika, carrying over their island's architecture. During the same period, Anafi's isolation made it a place of political exile, while today its economy relies on small-scale farming, livestock and gentle, alternative tourism seeking its serenity.